陶瓷材料有哪些分類?新型陶瓷材料與傳統陶瓷材料有哪些區別?

What are the classifications of ceramic materials? What are the differences between new ceramic materials and traditional ceramic materials?

陶瓷資料是由天然或組成化合物通過成形和高溫燒結，制成的一種無機非金屬資料，非金屬資料之后人們所重視的無機非金屬資料中最重要的資料之一。它兼有金屬資料和高分子資料的一起長處，在不斷改性的過程中，現已使其易碎性得到很大的改進。陶瓷資料以其優異的功用在資料范疇別出心裁，遭到人們的高度重視，在未來的社會開展中將發揮十分重要的效果。

Ceramic material is a kind of inorganic non-metallic material made of natural or constituent compounds by forming and sintering at high temperature. After the non-metallic data, people pay attention to one of the most important inorganic non-metallic data. It has the advantages of both metal and polymer materials. In the process of continuous modification, its fragility has been greatly improved. Ceramic materials have attracted great attention because of their unique functions in the field of information, and will play a very important role in the future social development.

一、陶瓷資料有哪幾類

I. What are the types of ceramic materials?

1、一般陶瓷資料

1. General Ceramic Materials

一般陶瓷資料選用天然質料組成，比方長石、粘土和石英，它們是典型的硅酸鹽資料，通過燒結而成。一般的陶瓷資料來歷豐厚、成本低、工藝老練，按功用特征和用處又可分為日用陶瓷、修建陶瓷、化工陶瓷等。

General ceramic materials are composed of natural materials, such as feldspar, clay and quartz. They are typical silicate materials, which are sintered. General ceramics materials are rich in origin, low in cost and sophisticated in technology. They can be divided into daily ceramics, construction ceramics and chemical ceramics according to their functional characteristics and uses.

2、特種陶瓷資料

2. Special Ceramic Materials

這種資料首要是選用高純度人工組成的質料，用精密操控工藝成形燒結制成，具有某些特別的功用，以習慣各種需求，它的首要成分有氧化物陶瓷、氮化物陶瓷、金屬陶瓷等。

This kind of material is mainly made of high purity artificial material, which is formed and sintered by precise manipulation process. It has some special functions and is used to various needs. Its main components are oxide ceramics, nitride ceramics, cermet, etc.

3、納米陶瓷

3. Nano-ceramics

現在先進的陶瓷不管選用的質料仍是成材后的晶粒都歸于微米，因而也稱為微米陶瓷，當質料以及成材后的晶粒到達納米標準時，將為陶瓷資料的制備科學、陶瓷學、陶瓷工藝帶來驟變，然后開辟陶瓷資料更廣泛的用處。

Nowadays, the grain size of advanced ceramics, regardless of the material chosen or the finished product, belongs to micron, so it is also called micron ceramics. When the material and the finished grain reach the nanometer standard, it will bring about a sudden change in the preparation science, ceramics and ceramic technology of ceramic materials, and then open up a wider use of ceramic materials.

二、新式陶瓷資料與傳統陶瓷資料的差異

2. Differences between New Ceramic Materials and Traditional Ceramic Materials

歸于新式資料的一種，傳統陶瓷首要選用天然的巖石、礦藏、粘土等資料做質料。而新式陶瓷則選用人工組成的高純度無機化合物為質料，在嚴格操控的條件下經成型、燒結和其他處理而制成具有微細結晶安排的無機資料。它具有一系列優勝的物理、化學和生物功用，其運用規模是傳統陶瓷遠遠不能比較的，這類陶瓷又稱為特種陶瓷或精密陶瓷。

As a new type of material, traditional ceramics mainly use natural rock, mineral deposits, clay and other materials as materials. The new ceramics are made of high purity inorganic compounds, which are manufactured by hand. They are processed by moulding, sintering and other processes under strict control to produce inorganic materials with fine crystallization arrangements. It has a series of excellent physical, chemical and biological functions. Its scale of application is far from comparable with traditional ceramics. This kind of ceramics is also called special ceramics or precision ceramics.

三、按化學成分區分

III. Distinguishing by Chemical Composition

首要分為兩類：一類是純氧化物陶瓷，如Al2O3、ZrO2、MgO、CaO、BeO、ThO2等;另一類對錯氧化物系陶瓷，如碳化物、硼化物、氮化物和硅化物等。

There are two main types: pure oxide ceramics, such as Al2O3, ZrO 2, MgO, CaO, BeO, ThO, etc. and right-wrong oxide ceramics, such as carbides, borides, nitrides and silicides.

四、按功用與特征區分

IV. Distinguishing by Function and Characteristics

可分為：高溫陶瓷、超硬質陶瓷、高韌陶瓷、半導體陶瓷。電解質陶瓷、磁性陶瓷、導電性陶瓷等。跟著成分、結構和工藝的不斷改進，新式陶瓷層出不窮。

It can be divided into high temperature ceramics, superhard ceramics, high toughness ceramics and semiconductor ceramics. Electrolyte ceramics, magnetic ceramics, conductive ceramics, etc. With the continuous improvement of composition, structure and technology, new ceramics emerge in endlessly.

新式陶瓷資料在功用上有其共同的優勝性。在熱和機械功用方面，有耐高溫、隔熱、高硬度、耐磨耗等;在電功用方面有絕緣性、壓電性、半導體性、磁性等;在化學方面有催化、耐腐蝕、吸附等功用;在生物方面，具有必定生物相容功用，可作為生物結構資料等。但也有它的缺陷，如脆性。因而研討開發新式功用陶瓷是資料科學中的一個重要范疇。

New ceramic materials have their common superiority in function. In terms of thermal and mechanical functions, it has high temperature resistance, heat insulation, high hardness and wear resistance; in terms of electrical function, it has insulation, piezoelectricity, semiconductor, magnetism, etc; in terms of chemistry, it has catalysis, corrosion resistance, adsorption and other functions; in terms of biology, it has certain biocompatibility function and can be used as biological structure data. But it also has its drawbacks, such as brittleness. Therefore, the research and development of new functional ceramics is an important category in information science.

近幾十年來，陶瓷資料的運用及開展對錯常敏捷的，陶瓷資料作為繼金屬資料、高分子資料后最有潛力的開展資料之一，它在各方面的歸納功用顯著優于現在運用的金屬資料和高分子資料。此外，有研討發現在不同的載荷下，陶瓷的磨損率并不相同，在低載荷時氣孔不會構成裂紋的擴展;而在高載荷的情況下，氣孔變得不穩定，會在氣孔處構成裂紋及擴展裂紋，導致制品磨損率極高，抗磨損驟變才能變弱。

In recent decades, the application and development of ceramics data are often right and wrong agile. Ceramics data, as one of the most potential development data after metal data and polymer data, is superior to metal data and polymer data in all aspects. In addition, it has been found that under different loads, the wear rate of ceramics is not the same. Under low loads, the pore will not form the crack propagation; under high loads, the pore becomes unstable, and will form cracks and propagation cracks at the pore, which will lead to high wear rate of products and weaken abrasion resistance.

陶瓷資料的運用遠景仍是適當寬廣的，尤其是動力、信息、空間技能和計算機技能的快速開展，愈加拉動了具有特別功用資料的運用。先進陶瓷資料的制備技能一日千里，國際科學技能的開展令人矚目，納米陶瓷資料的開展現已獲得驚人的成果，有了重大突破。信任在不久的將來，陶瓷資料會有更好、更快的開展，展示出其重要的運用價值。

The prospect of using ceramics data is still appropriate and broad, especially the rapid development of power, information, space skills and computer skills, which has increasingly stimulated the use of materials with special functions. With the rapid development of advanced ceramic materials, the development of international scientific skills has attracted great attention. The development of nano-ceramic materials has achieved amazing results and made significant breakthroughs. It is believed that in the near future, ceramic materials will develop better and faster, demonstrating their important application value.